Jumat, 28 Juni 2013

Pasif Active dan If Clause


Pasif Active

           Kalimat aktif (active voice) adalah kalimat dimana subject-nya melakukan pekerjaan, sebaliknya, Kalimat pasif (passive voice) adalah kalimat dimana subject-nya dikenai pekerjaan oleh object kalimat. Active voice lebih sering digunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dibandingkan dengan passive voice. Namun demikian, sering kita temukan passive voice di surat-surat kabar, artikel-artikel di majalah-majalah dan tulisan-tulisan ilmiah. Passive voice digunakan karena object dari active voice merupakan informasi yang lebih penting dibandingkan dengan subject-nya.
Contoh :
1.    Active  : We fertilize the soil every 6 months
    Passive : The soil is fertilized by us every 6 months  
2. Active  : Ayumi eats takoyaki (Ayumi makan takoyaki)
    Passive : Takoyaki is eaten by Ayumi (Takoyaki dimakan Ayumi)
3. Active  : Takeshi meets Shizuka everyday
    Passive : Shizuka is met by Takeshi everyday



IF CLAUSE
If Clause Type I
if + Simple Present, will-Future
Type I indicates what will happen, provided that a certain situation is given.
Examples:
If you send your order by fax, we will deliver the goods immediately.
If you invite me for lunch, I will help you with your presentation.
If anita have more time Anita will clean the toilet.
If Clause Type II
if + Simple Past, would + infinitive
Type II indicates what could happen if a present situation were different.
Examples:
If we had more employees, we would work more efficiently.
If we delivered poor quality, we would not be the leading company in our business.
If they told their father, he would be very angry.
If Clause Type III
if + Past Perfect, would + have + past participle
Type III indicates what could have happened in the past if a situation had been different then.
Examples:
If you had read the paper, you would have seen the advertisement.
If I had taken the bus, I would have been late.
If they hadn’t went to home, they would have found the rain

Sumber:
http://www.ego4u.com/en/business-english/grammar/conditional-sentences
http://khydayme.blogspot.com/2011/04/conditional-sentences-if-clause.html
http://aldianferla.blogspot.com/2013/05/pengertian-rumus-contoh-passive.html http://anniskartika.blogspot.com/2011/03/pengertian-active-dan-passive-voice.ht
http://eiindah.blogspot.com/2013_06_01_archive.html

Soal Toefl


1.                  Many communities are dependent on groundwater __________ from wells for
their water supply.
a. that obtained
b. obtained
c. is obtained
d. obtain it
Answer : B (obtained)
The only correct way to complete this sentence is with a participle (obtained really means which is obtained).

2.                  Not only ____________________ places of beauty, but they also serve scientific and
educational purposes as well.
a. are botanical gardens
b. botanical gardens to be
c. botanical gardens are
d. to be botanical gardens
Answer : A (are botanical gardens)
A main verb, such as are, is required to complete the clause (to be is not a main verb), and the subject and verb must be inverted because the clause begins with the negative phrase not only.


3.            Would you mind.....for a minute
                  a.       Waiting
                  b.      To wait
                  c.       Wait
                  d.      That i wait
            Jawaban          : C. Wait
            Alasan             : would you mind + gerund
                                      Would you mind...is followed by a gerund and is used for a request
4.            He threw a vase at the burglar but... him.
                  a.        Shot
                  b.        Fired
                  c.        Missed
                  d.        Hi
            
Jawaban          : C. Missed
            Alasan             : To miss
                                    To fire = to shoot off bullets / arrows
`                                   To miss = to fail to hit
                                    To hit = to brings something hard against.
5.            She’s young and full...life
                  a.       With
                  b.      Having
                  c.       Of
                  d.      A long with
            Jawaban          : C. OF
 Alasan             : to be “OF” is used with the preposition; to be full of the stadium is full of people. 
6.            He spends his time .... after grils.
                  a.       Running
                  b.      To run
                  c.       Ran
                  d.      Runs
            Jawaban          : a. Running
            Alasan             : spendtime doing sth
                                      Here you are asked about the pattern ‘spend time doing sth’.
7.            We don’t know ..... we have to change planes or not.
                  a.       If  
                  b.      Until
                  c.       That
                  d.      When
                            Jawaban   : A. If
                            Alasan     : Indirect question
                                              Here the conjunction “IF” indriduces an indirect question.

8.            L like vienna, but i wish it ... a bit hooter
                  a.       Is
                  b.      Were
                  c.       Becomes
                  d.      Became
            Jawaban          : B. Were
            Alasan             : Wish clause “we don’t use simple present tense in wish -  clause.

9.            He rarely gets drunk.....?
                  a.       Doesn’t he
                  b.      Does he
                  c.       Won’t be
                  d.      Will be
            Jawaban          : B. Does he
Alasan              :  we form tgas with an auxiliary (e.g. do, have, did or a modal (e.g. can, must, should) plus apronoun (e.g. he, she, it).

10.        She’s too tired to go....
                  a.       Shooping
                  b.      To shop
                  c.       Shop
                  d.      For shopping
            Jawaban          : A. Shopping
            Alasan             :   got gerund
                                      We can use gerund to talk about things we go out to do.
11.        I know a man called rupert .... house is near ypurs
                  a.       Who
                  b.      Whom
                  c.       That
                  d.      Whose
            Jawaban          : D. Whose
            Alasan             : relative clauses – possession case
                       Here you are asked whether you know the relative clause   or not.

12.         Some...don’t like such jokes.
                  a.       Child
                  b.      Man
                  c.       Woman
                  d.      People
            Jawaban          : D. People
            Alasan             : some – countable and uncountable nouns some can be followed by both a countable and an uncountable noun.

13.        Not only ____________________ places of beauty, but they also serve scientific and
educational purposes as well.
(A) are botanical gardens
(B) botanical gardens to be
(C) botanical gardens are
(D) to be botanical gardens
Answer : A (are botanical gardens)
 A main verb, such as are, is required to complete the clause (to be is not a main verb), and the subject and verb must be inverted because the clause begins with the negative phrase not only.

14.        Many communities are dependent on groundwater __________ from wells for their  
water supply.
(A) that obtained
(B) obtained
(C) is obtained
(D) obtain it
Answer : B (obtained)
 The only correct way to complete this sentence is with a participle (obtained really meanswhich is obtained).

15.        Before starting on a sea voyage, prudent navigators learn the sea charts, __, and  
memorize lighthouse locations to prepare themselves for any conditions they might encounter.
(A) Sailing directions are studied
(B) Study the sailing directions
(C) To direct sailing studies
(D) Studies direct sailing
Answer : (B) Study the sailing studies
Grammar : Gerund


Sumber :



Kamis, 21 Maret 2013

TENSE


1.       Simple Present Tense

Simple Present Tense adalah bentuk waktu yang digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan atau kegiatan yang berlangsung/terjadi pada waktu sekarang dalam bentuk sederhana, kegiatan atau pekerjaan yang dilakukan berulang-ulang, kebiasaan sehari-hari, peristiwa atau perbuatan yang tidak ada kaitannya dengan waktu, dan untuk mengekspresikan kebenaran umum.

Rumus dan Contoh Kalimat Simple Present Tense

Mengekspresikan kalimat Simple Present Tense yang menggunakan kata kerja (VERB)
(+) Subject + Verb 1 + Object
(-) Subject + DON'T / DOESN'T + Verb 1 + Object
(?) DO / DOES + Subject + Verb 1 + Object?
(?) Question Word + DO/ DOES + Subject + Verb 1?

Contoh :
(+) I speak English everyday
     She speaks English everyday
-     (- ) I don't speak English 
           She doesn't speak English
(?) Do you speak English?
Jawaban: Yes I do, atau No, I don't
(?) Does she speak English?
Jawaban: Yes She does, atau No, She doesn’t

Fungsi Simple Present Tense pada kalimat verbal

Menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang menjadi kebiasaan atau yang dilakukan pada waktu-waktu tertentu (Habitual Action), contohnya:
We study hard everyday.
She visits the library twice a month.

Menyatakan suatu kebenaran atau kenyataan umum, atau suatu kebenaran yang dianggap terjadi terus-mnerus (The General Truth), contohnya:
A year has twelve months.
The sun rises in the East.

Mengekspresikan kalimat Simple Present Tense yang tidak menggunakan kata kerja (Non VERB)
+ Subject + To be 1 + Non Verb + Object
-          Subject + To be 1 + NOT + Non Verb + Object
? To be 1 + Subject + Non Verb + Object?
? Question Word + To be 1 + Subject + Non Verb + Object?

Contoh :

I am a teacher.    (+)
She is a teacher.  (+)

-          I am not a teacher. (-)
She is not a teacher (-)

Are you a teacher? (?)
Jawaban: Yes I am, atau No, I am not
Is she a teacher?    (?)
Jawaban: Yes She is, atau No, She is not

Fungsi Simple Present Tense pada kalimat nomial

Untuk menyatakan suatu keadaan yang sedang berlangsung saat ini atau sekarang atau perbuatan yang merupakan suatu kebiasaan, contohnya:
I am a teacher.
They are here now.

Untuk menyatakan kebenaran umum, tetapi dalam kalimat nominal ini tidak digunakan keterangan waktu, contohnya:
Ice is cold.
Fire is hot.

Keterangan waktu untuk Simple Present Tense  yang digunakan adalah:
Every hour, every minute, every morning, everyday, in the morning, once a week, on Sunday, at five o’clock and so on

2.       Present Perfect Tense

Present Perfect Tense adalah bentuk waktu yang digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan, keadaan atau peristiwa yang terjadi di masa lampau. Dan pada saat berbicara kegiatan/perbuatan tersebut telah selesai dilakukan.


Mengekspresikan kalimat
 Present Perfect Tense yang menggunakan kata kerja (VERB)

+Subject + Have/Has + Verb 3 + Object
-Subject + Have/Has + NOT + Verb 3 + Object
?Have/Has + Subject + Verb 3 + Object?
?Question Word + Have/Has + Subject + Verb 3 + Object?

Contoh :

(+)I have lived here for 2 years.
(-)I have not (haven't) lived here for 2 years.
(?)Have you lived here for 2 years?
Jawaban: Yes, I have, atau No, I have not (haven't)
(?)Why Have you lived here for 2 years?
Who has killed her father?

Mengekspresikan kalimat Present Perfect Tense yang tidak menggunakan kata kerja (Non VERB)

(+)Subject + Have/Has + To be 3 + Non Verb + Object
(-)Subject + (Have/Has + NOT) + To be 3 + Non Verb + Object
(?)Have/Has + Subject + To be 3 + Non Verb + Object?
(?)Question Word + Have/Has + Subject + To be 3 + Non Verb + Object?

Contoh :
(+)She has been here for 4 hours
(-)She has not (hasn't) been here for 4 hours
(?)Has she been here for 4 hours?
(?)Where have you been for the last 4 hours

Fungsi Present Perfect Tense

Menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang baru saja terjadi hingga hasilnya atau akibatnya dari tindakan tersebut masih dapat dilihat hingga saat dibicarakan, contohnya:
She has written a letter.
Artinya: dia sudah menulis surat.

Menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang telah selesai pada saat yang tidak tertentu diwaktu lampau, tetapi waktu terjadi peristiwa tersebut tidak dipentingkan. Yang paling penting adalah hasil dari perbuatannya sekarang, contohnya:
She has locked the door, and now we can’t open it.
Artinya: dia sudah mengunci pintu, dan sekarang kita tidak dapat membuka pintunya.

Menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang telah terjadi tetapi waktu terjadinya persitiwa tersebut belum selesai, contohnya:
I have written this letter this week.
Artinya: Saya sudah menulis surat ini pada minggu ini (tidak tepat kapan hari/jam pebuatannya).

Menyatakan suatu kegiatan ulangan yang tidak tertentu sebelum sekarang. Pada umunya bentuk kalimat ini sering diikuti oleh before, ever, already, never, yet, contohnya:
I have heard this before.
Artinya: saya sudah mendengar ini sebelumnya.

Menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang telah terjadi di masa lampau dan masih terjadi pada saat sekarang dan akan datang, contohnya:
I have been here since yesterday.
Artinya: saya sudah di sini sejak kemarin (dan sampai sekarang masih tetap disini/ di lokasi yg sama).

Menunjukkan suatu kegiatan yang selesai dalam waktu singkat. Pada umumnya digunakan kata-kata at last, finally, just, contohnya:
I have just meet him.
Artinya: saya sudah (baru saja) bertemu dia.

Keterangan waktu untuk Present Perfect Tense  yang digunakan adalah:
since yesterday, since two days ago, since last week, for three days, for three weeks, and so on.

3.       Present Continuous Tense
Present Continuous Tense juga disebut Present Progressive Tense adalah bentuk waktu yang digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan, keadaan atau peristiwa yang sedang terjadi pada saat dibicarakan.

Rumus dan Contoh Kalimat Present Continuous Tense
(+)Subject + To be 1 + (Verb + ing) + Object
(-)Subject + To be 1 + NOT + (Verb + ing) + Object
(?)To be 1  + Subject + (Verb + ing) + Object ?
(?)Question Word + To be 1  + Subject + (Verb + ing) + Object ?

Contoh :
(+)We are studying now
(-)We are not (aren't) studying now.
(?)Are you studying now?
Jawaban: Yes I am, atau I, am not
 (?)What are you doing?
Jawaban: I am studying now
Who is studying English?
Jawaban: She is studying English

Keterangan waktu untuk Present Continuous Tense yang digunakan adalah:
Now, at present, right now, at the morning, this afternoon, this morning, today, nowdays, for the time being  and so on.

4. Past Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous Tense atau Past Perfect Progressive Tense adalah bentuk waktu yang digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa atau perbuatan yang telah berlangsung selama beberapa saat ketika terjadi peristiwa atau perbuatan lainnya dimasa lampau. Peristiwa yang terjadi atau berlangsung lebih dulu dinyatakan dalam bentuk Past Perfect Continuous Tense, sedangkan peristiwa yang terjadi berikutnya (peristiwa) dinyatakan dalam bentuk Simple Past Tense.
Rumus dan Contoh Kalimat Past Perfect Continuous Tense

(+) Subject + Had + been + (Verb + ING) + Object
(-)  Subject + Had + NOT + been + (Verb + ING) + Object
(?) Had + Subject + been + (Verb + ING) + Object?
(?) Question Word + Had + Subject + been + (Verb + ING) + Object?

Contoh:
(+) How long had he been playing Xbox when his mother went to market?
(-)  Had you been looking news on television for this evening?
Jawaban: Yes, I had, atau No, I had not.
(?) I had not been feeling so good, my body was tired.
(?) He had been looking for the thief for two years before he caught him.

     5.       Simple Past Tense

Simple Past Tense adalah bentuk waktu yang digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan atau kegiatan yang terjadi dimasa lampau dan waktu terjadinya persitiwa itu telah diketahui.

Rumus dan Contoh Kalimat Simple Past Tense

Mengekspresikan kalimat Simple Past Tense yang menggunakan kata kerja (VERB)
(+)Subject + Verb 2 + Object
(-)Subject + DID NOT (DIDN'T) + Verb 1 + Object
(?)DID + Subject + Verb 1 + Object ?
(?)Question Word + DID + Subject + Verb 1 ?

Contoh :
(+)He bought a pair of shoes yesterday.
(-)He didn't buy a pair of shoes yesterday
(?)Did he buy a pair of shoes yesterday?
Jawaban: Yes He did, atau No, He did not (didn't)
(?)Why did he buy a pair of shoes yesterday?

Pada contoh kalimat positif diatas menggunakan kata kerja bought (bentuk Verb 2 dari katabuy). Hanya pada kalimat positif saja Verb 2 digunakan.

Fungsi Simple Past Tense pada kalimat verbal

Biasanya digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu keadaan yang telah dilakukan diwaktu lampau dan selesai pada saat itu juga atau untuk menggambarkan suatu kejadian yang terjadi pada saat tertentu diwaktu lampau, contohnya:
She finished my homework in the library yesterday.
They worked with me two months ago.

Mengekspresikan kalimat Simple Past Tense yang tidak menggunakan kata kerja (Non VERB)
+Subject + To be 2 + Non Verb + Object
-Subject + To be 2 + NOT + Non Verb + Object
?To be 2 + Subject + Non Verb + Object?
?Question Word + To be 2 + Subject + Non Verb + Object?

Contoh :
+I was a singer 5 years ago.
We were a singer 5 years ago.

-I was not a singer 5 years ago.
We were not a singer 5 years ago.

?Were you a singer 5 years ago?
Jawaban: Yes I was, atau No, I was not

?Where were you last night?
Jawaban: I was at home.
Why was she absent yesterday?
Jawaban: She was sick yesterday

Fungsi Simple Past Tense pada kalimat nomial

Biasanya digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kebiasaan diwaktu lampau tetapi tidak berlangsung lagi sekarang, contohnya:
When I was young, I worked hard

Keterangan waktu untuk Simple Past Tense  yang digunakan adalah:
yesterday, last night, last week, yesterday morning, an hour ago, two days ago, and so on.

6.       Future Continuous Tense

Future Continuous Tense atau Future Progressive Tense adalah bentuk waktu yang digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa atau perbuatan yang akan  sedang berlangsung di waktu tertentu di masa yang akan datang.

Rumus dan Contoh Kalimat Future Continuous Tense
(+)Subject + WILL / SHALL + be + (Verb + ING) + Object
(-)Subject + WILL / SHALL + NOT + be + (Verb + ING) + Object
(?)WILL / SHALL + Subject + be + (Verb + ING) + Object ?
(?)Question Word + WILL / SHALL + Subject +  be + (Verb + ING) + Object?

Contoh :
(+)He will be talking for the business until ten o’clock.
I will be working at 10 am.
(-)You will not be leaving at this time. Because the car will be taken to repair.
(?)Will she be playing tennis tomorrow? 
Jawaban: Yes I will, atau No, I will not (won't)
(?)What will you be doing at 10 pm tonight?

CATATAN:
Kata "Shall" hanya digunakan untuk Subject “I” dan “we” saja.

Keterangan waktu untuk Future Continuous Tense yang digunakan adalah:
At this time tomorrow, from seven to nine tonight, soon, etc.

      7.       Future Perfect Tense

Future Perfect Tense adalah bentuk waktu yang digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa atau perbuatan yang akan telah terjadi atau akan telah selesai dilakukan diwaktu tertentu di masa yang akan datang.

CATATAN:
Pada Future Perfect Tense semua subject menggunakan kata “Have” sebagai Auxiliary Verb.
Kata "Shall" hanya digunakan untuk Subject “I” dan “we” saja.

Rumus dan Contoh Kalimat Future Perfect Tense

Mengekspresikan kalimat Future Perfect Tense yang menggunakan kata kerja (VERB)
(+)Subject + WILL / SHALL + Have + Verb 3 + Object
(-)Subject + WILL / SHALL + NOT + HAVE + Verb 3 + Object
(?)WILL / SHALL + Subject + HAVE + Verb 3 + Object ?
(?)Question Word + WILL / SHALL + Subject + HAVE + Verb 3 + Object ?

Contoh :
(+)You will have finished the work, by the end of this month.
(-)She will not have gone to home by 10 am.
(?)Will you have finished your work by tomorrow?
Jawaban: Yes I will, atau No, I will not (won't)
(?)Shall he have prepared my motorcycle if all of my friends will go by next day?
Jawaban: Yes he shall, atau No, he shall not
 ?When will they have arrived ?

Mengekspresikan kalimat Future Perfect Tense yang tidak menggunakan kata kerja (NON VERB)

(+)Subject + WILL / SHALL + HAVE + Been + Non Verb + Object
(-)Subject + WILL / SHALL + NOT + HAVE + Been + Non Verb + Object
(?)WILL / SHALL + Subject + HAVE + Been + Non Verb + Object ?
(?)Question Word + WILL/SHALL + Subject + be + Non Verb + Object ?

Contoh :
(+)By next year, I will have been here for work
(-)He will not (won't) have been by the end of this day.
(?)Will you have been there by tomorrow morning?
Jawaban: Yes I will, atau No, I will not (won't)
(?)Shall he have been at home by the dinner time?
Jawaban: Yes he shall, atau No, he shall not
 (?)When will he have been in New York

Keterangan waktu untuk Future Perfect Tense yang digunakan adalah:
By next month, by the next year, by the end of this month, by the end of this day, by the end of this year, etc.


      8.       Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Future Perfect Continuous Tense atau Future Perfect Progressive Tense adalah bentuk waktu yang digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa yang akan  telah sedang berlangsung diwaktu tertentu di masa yang akan datang. Future Perfect Continuous Tensemenekankan durasi suatu kegiatan yang akan berlangsung sebelum waktu lain atau peristiwa di masa mendatang.

CATATAN

Terkadang antara Future Perfect Tense dengan Future Perfect Continuous Tensememberi arti yang sama. Perhatikan bahwa kegiatan yang diungkapkan oleh salah satu atau kedua tenses mungkin mulai di masa lalu, seperti:

When Professor Jones retires next month, he will have taught for 45 years.
When Professor Jones retires next month, he will have been teaching for 45 years.
“Terkadang kita menggunakan kata Shall hanya untuk Subject “I” dan “we”.

Rumus dan Contoh Kalimat Future Perfect Continuous Tense
(+)Subject + Will / Shall + Have + been + (Verb + ING) + Object
(-)Subject + Will / Shall + NOT + Have + been + (Verb + ING) + Object
(?)Will / Shall + Subject + Have + been + (Verb + ING) + Object ?
(?)Question Word + Will / Shall + Subject  + Have + been + (Verb + ING) + Object ?

Contoh :
(+)We will have been practicing the examination by next month.
We shall have been sleeping before the morning comes.
 (-)She will not have been going for one year.
 (?)Will the students have been working without their teacher at the time?
Jawaban: Yes, they will / No, they will not (won’t)
 (?)How long will you have been studying when you graduate?


      9.       Simple Past Future Tense

Simple Past Future Tense adalah bentuk waktu yang digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa atau perbuatan yang akan terjadi atau dilakukan di masa lampau, tetapi perbuatan tersebut tidak jadi dilakukan karena sebab tertentu. Perhatikan contoh berikut:

We would come to his house but it rained very hard yesterday.

Fungsi Lain Simple Past Future Tense

Simple Past Future Tense juga digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa atau perbuatan yang terjadi atau dilakukan secara berulang-ulang atau sudah menjadi kebiasaan di masa malpau, penggunaan kata “would” dalam kalimat biasanya menunjukkan bahwa pembicara ingin sesuatu terjadi di masa depan, mungkin atau tidak mungkin menjadi kenyataan.

Rumus dan Contoh Kalimat Simple Past Future Tense

Mengekspresikan kalimat Simple Past Future Tense  yang menggunakan kata kerja (VERB)

(+)Subject + Should / Would + Verb 1 + Object
(-)Subject + Should / Would + NOT + Verb 1 + Object
(?)Should / Would + Subject + Verb 1 + Object?
(?)Question Word + Should / Would + Subject + Verb 1 + Object?

Contoh :
(+)I wish you would come to my house to my house, because it’s my birthday.
(-)She should not visit your house because she hates you.
(?) The day was very hot. Would it stop at the time?
Jawaban: Ye , It would, atau No, It would not (wouldn’t)
(?)Why would you write those letters for her?

Mengekspresikan kalimat Simple Past Future Tense yang tidak menggunakan kata kerja (Non VERB)
(+)Subject + Should / Would + be + Object
(-)Subject + Should / Would + NOT + be + Object
(?)Should / Would + Subject + be + Object?
(?)Question Word + Should / Would + Subject + be + Object?

Contoh :

(+)I would be a famous singer if I didn’t reject the contract two months ago.
We should be a winner in the game of football last year.

(-)These students would not be better in education.

(?)Should you be better in your day by day?
Jawaban: Yes, I should atau No, I should not (shouldn’t)

(?)Why would you be a great writer?

Keterangan waktu untuk Simple Past Future Tense yang digunakan adalah:
yesterday, last night, last week, last year, before, and so on.


     10.    Past Future Continuous Tense

Past Future Continuous Tense atau Past Future Progressive Tense adalah bentuk waktu yang digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa atau perbuatan yang akan sedang berlangsung atau akan sedang dilakukan di waktu tertentu di masa yang akan datang.

Past Future Continuous Tense menggunakan induk kalimat yang berbentuk Simple PastTenseuntuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang akan sedang berlangsung di waktu tertentu di masa lampau atau untuk menyatakan suatu dugaan atau perkiraan akan suatu peristiwa atau perbuatan yang akan sedang berlangsung di waktu tertentu di masa lampau.

Rumus dan Contoh Kalimat Past Future Continuous Tense
(+)Subject + Should / Would + be + (Verb + ING) + Object
(-)Subject + Should / Would + NOT + be + (Verb + ING) + Object
(?)Should / Would + Subject + be + (Verb + ING) + Object?
(?)Question Word + Should / Would + Subject + be + (Verb + ING) + Object?

Contoh :

He would be preparing his car from twelve with Jack to three yesterday noon.
They should be studying the lesson in my college for examination last hours.
My mother would be cooking vegetables at this hour yesterday morning.

(+)They told me that they wouldn’t be giving the present yesterday morning.
(-)They shouldn’t be sleeping here. They should be studying the lesson now.
 (?)Would you be going with Mrs. Anna yesterday evening for studying?
Jawaban: Yes, I would be going with Mrs. Anna from six to seven yesterday for studying.
(?)When your mother cooked. Should you be helping her busy to nine yesterday morning?
Jawaban: No, I shouldn’t be helping my mother. I should be studying to nine at this yesterday morning

(?)When you should be studying mathematics last night?

Keterangan waktu untuk Past Future Continuous Tense yang digunakan adalah:
yesterday, last night, last week, last year, yesterday evening, yesterday night and so on

     11.    Past Future Perfect Tense

Past Future Perfect Tense adalah bentuk waktu yang digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa atau perbuatan yang akan telah terjadi atau akan telah dilakukan di waktu tertentu di masa lampau.

CATATAN:
Pada Past Future Perfect Tense semua subject menggunakan kata “Have” sebagai Auxiliary Verb.

Rumus dan Contoh Kalimat Past Future Perfect Tense

Mengekspresikan kalimat Past Future Perfect Tense yang menggunakan kata kerja (VERB)
(+)Subject + Would / Should + Have + Verb 3 + Object
(-)Subject + Would / Should + NOT + Have + Verb 3 + Object
(?)Would / Should + Subject + Have + Verb 3 + Object?
(?)Question Word + Would / Should + Subject + Have + Verb 3 + Object?

Contoh :
(+)Anna would have finished her college by the time. I finished my college in the university two years ago.
 (-)I would not have sent her a letter yesterday.
(?)Should my father have worn jeans to the party yesterday night?
(?)How long would you have waited her in in the park? The weather was very cool last night.

Mengekspresikan kalimat Past Future Perfect Tense yang tidak menggunakan kata kerja (NON VERB)
(+)Subject + Would / Should + Have + been + Object
(-)Subject + Would / Should + NOT + Have + been + Object
(?)Would / Should + Subject + Have + been + Object?
(?)Question Word + Would / Should + Subject + Have + been + Object?

Contoh :
(+)My brother looked for his stuff. He would have been here yesterday night
(-)The flowers should not have been wilted last night.
(?)Would this novel have been here?
(?)How many hours should Mr. Jim have been at the office by the end of this week?

Keterangan waktu untuk Past Future Perfect Tense yang digunakan adalah:
By next month, by the next year, by the end of this month, by the end of this day, by the end of this year, etc

      12.    Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense atau Past Future Perfect Progressive Tense adalah bentuk waktu yang digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa atau perbuatan yang akan telah sedang berlangsung di waktu yang akan datang dimasa lampau.

CATATAN:
Pada Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense semua subject menggunakan kata “Have”sebagai Auxiliary Verb.

Rumus dan Contoh Kalimat Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense

(+)Subject + Would / Should + Have + been + (Verb + ING) + Object
(-)Subject + Would / Should + NOT + Have + been + (Verb + ING) + Object
(?)Would / Should + Subject + Have + been + (Verb + ING) + Object?
(?)Question Word + Would / Should + Subject + Have + been + (Verb + ING) + Object?

Contoh :
(+)My mother would have been resigning in this institute for two months by the time, I finished the college three months ago.
The road was dark. By the time we should have been arriving to home last night.
Sarah should have been looking happy for the gift last night.

(-)He would not have been staying for live in here for two years ago.
When it rain. I should not have been going to the cinema at time ago.
You shouldn’t have been sleeping here last night?

(?)Would they have been surrendering their country for the world peace in the last year ago?
Jawaban: No, they wouldn’t have been surrendering. They would have been defending their country for the world peace in the last year ago.

(?)When should john have been climbing a big mountain?
Jawaban: John should have been climbing a big mountain with this friends last year.



Keterangan waktu untuk Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense yang digunakan adalah:
For, By next month, by the next year, by the end of this month, by the end of this day, by the end of this year, etc

     13.    Past Continuous Tense

Past Continuous Tense atau Past Progressive Tense adalah bentuk waktu yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan dua kejadian yang terjadi pada saat yang bersamaan, tetapi satu kejadian terjadi lebih awal dan masih sedang berlangsung ketika kejadian kedua terjadi.

CATATAN
Pada penggunaan Past Continuous Tense kata kerja yang digunakan harus diakhiri dengan -ing / (Verb + ing). Bentuk waktu Past Continuous Tense menggunakan jenis "TO BE 2" (was/ were).

Was untuk subject: I, she, he, it.
Were untuk subject: you, they, we.

Rumus dan Contoh Past Continuous Tense

(+)Subject + To be 2 + (Verb + ing) + Object
(-)Subject + To be 2 + NOT + (Verb + ing) + Object
(?)To be 2  + Subject + (Verb + ing( + Object ?
(?)Question Word + To be 2  + Subject + (Verb + ing) + Object ?

Contoh :
(+)I was walking down the street when it began to rain.
When i was in the park, the sun was shining

(-)It was not raining when i went to the market last night.
They were not playing football when you were not at home.

(?)Was he studying when I arrived at home?
Jawaban: Yes he was, atau he, was not

(?)Why were you reading that book?
What was she doing with this document when all the staff went home?

Fungsi Past Continuous Tense

Terkadang Past Continuous Tense digunakan pada dua bagian dalam satu kalimat dimana ketika dua kejadian sama-sama berlangsung secara bersamaan, contohnya:

While I was studying in one room of our apartment, my roomate was having a party in the other room.
(Artinya: Ketika saya sedang belajar di salah satu kamar di apartemen kita, teman sekamar saya sedang berpesta di ruangan lainnya.)

Dalam beberapa kasus, Simple Past Tense dan Past Continuous Tense hampir memberikan makna yang sama, contohnya:

It rained this morning. (Artinya: tadi pagi hujan)
It was raining this morning. (tadi pagi sedang hujan)

     14.    Past Perfect Tense

Past Perfect Tense adalah bentuk waktu yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan perbuatan atau peristiwa yang dimulai atau terjadi dimasa lampau dan terus berlangsung ataupun selesai dimasa lampau berikutnya.

Fungsi Past Perfect Tense

Past Perfect Tense juga berfungsi sebagai pengganti Simple Past Tense apabila digunakan untuk mengacu atau menunjukkan peristiwa atau perbuatan masa lampau yang terjadi dalam jangka waktu tertentu.

Past Perfect Tense menggunakan jenis "TO BE 3" and "VERB 3"
TO BE 3 adalah: been 

IYou, They, We, He, She, It (Been)

I, You, They,We, He, She, It (Had) 

CATATAN

TO BE 3 (been) digunakan ketika suatu kalimat tidak ada unsur kata kerja (NON VERB).
Untuk semua jenis kalimat, baik positif, negatif, atau kalimat tanya pada Present Perfect Tensemenggunakan VERB 3.

Rumus dan Contoh Kalimat Past Perfect Tense

Mengekspresikan kalimat Past Perfect Tense yang menggunakan kata kerja (VERB)
(+)Subject + Had + Verb 3 + Object
(-)Subject + Had + NOT + Verb 3 + Object
(?)Had + Subject + Verb 3 + Object?
(?)Question Word + Had + Subject + Verb 3 + Object?

Contoh :
(+)My parents had already eaten by the time I got home.
(-)Sam had not left when we got there.
(?)When your son was in the junior high school, Had you lived there?
Jawaban: Yes I had, atau No, I had not.
 (?)How long had you watched TV when I called my friend?

Mengekspresikan kalimat Present Perfect Tense yang tidak menggunakan kata kerja (Non VERB)
(+)Subject + Had + To be 3 + Non Verb + Object
(-)Subject + (Had + NOT) + To be 3 + Non Verb + Object
(?)Had + Subject + To be 3 + Non Verb + Object?
(?)Question Word + Had + Subject + To be 3 + Non Verb + Object?

Contoh :
(+)The sky had been clear after the storm was disappeared.
(-)She had not been there when I arrived in my home.
(?)Had she been here for 4 hours?
(?)How long had you been in Anna’s house?

Catatan Tambahan
Jika menggunakan keterangan waktu baik “after” atau “before” dalam suatu kalimat, penggunaan Past Perfect Tense tidak begitu diperlukan jika memang hubungan waktunya sudah sangat jelas. Dan Simple Past Tense bisa digunakan untuk kalimat tersebut, perhatikan contoh kalimat di bawah ini:

Sam had left before we got there (Past Perfect Tense) bisa dirubah menjadi: “Sam left before we got there”. (Simple Past Tense)

    15.    Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Past Perfect Continuous Tense atau Past Perfect Progressive Tense adalah bentuk waktu yang digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa atau perbuatan yang telah berlangsung selama beberapa saat ketika terjadi peristiwa atau perbuatan lainnya dimasa lampau. Peristiwa yang terjadi atau berlangsung lebih dulu dinyatakan dalam bentuk Past Perfect Continuous Tense, sedangkan peristiwa yang terjadi berikutnya (peristiwa) dinyatakan dalam bentuk Simple Past Tense.

Past Perfect Continuous Tense menggunakan jenis "TO BE 3" (been), 

IYou, They, We, He, She, It (Been)

I, You, They,We, He, She, It (Had)


CATATAN
Untuk semua jenis kalimat, baik positif, negatif, atau kalimat tanya pada Past PerfectContinuous Tense menggunakan TO BE 3 (been) diikuti dengan VERB + ING.

Rumus dan Contoh Kalimat Past Perfect Continuous Tense

(+)Subject + Had + been + (Verb + ING) + Object
(-)Subject + Had + NOT + been + (Verb + ING) + Object
(?)Had + Subject + been + (Verb + ING) + Object?
(?)Question Word + Had + Subject + been + (Verb + ING) + Object?

Contoh:
(+)He had been looking for the thief for two years before he caught him.
(-)I had not been feeling so good, my body was tired.
(?)Had you been looking news on television for this evening?
Jawaban: Yes, I had, atau No, I had not.
(?)How long had he been playing Xbox when his mother went to market

 Catatan Tambahan
Penggunaan kata “had” disini boleh singkat dalam penulisannya sama seperti kata “have”, contohnya:

I’d been = I had been
I’ve been = I have been

Perlu diketahui bahwa singkatan dalam penulisan tidak semua nya berarti sama, kita harus menyesuaikan dengan konteks kalimat yang ada. Coba bandingkan contoh di bawah ini:

I’d been here = I had been here (‘d + TO BE 3 / VERB 3 = Past Perfect)
I’d like = I would like (‘d + VERB 1 = would)

     16.    Simple Future Tense / Present Future Tense

Simple Future Tense atau Present Future Tense adalah bentuk waktu yang digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan atau kegiatan yang akan terjadi dimasa akan datang.

Rumus dan Contoh Kalimat Simple Future Tense

Mengekspresikan kalimat Simple Future Tense yang menggunakan kata kerja (VERB)
(+)Subject + WILL / SHALL + Verb 1 + Object
(-)Subject + WILL / SHALL + NOT + Verb 1 + Object
(?)WILL / SHALL + Subject + Verb 1 + Object ?
(?)Question Word + WILL / SHALL + Subject + Verb 1 ?

Contoh :
(+)She will go to Paris tomorrow.
(-)She will not (won't) go to Paris tomorrow.
(?)Will she go to paris tomorrow ?
Jawaban: Yes She will, atau She, will not (won't)
(?)When will she go to Paris?
Who will come here?

Mengekspresikan kalimat Simple Future Tense yang tidak menggunakan kata kerja (NON VERB)
(+)Subject + WILL / SHALL + be + Non Verb + Object
(-)Subject + WILL / SHALL + NOT + be + Non Verb + Object
(?)WILL / SHALL + Subject + be + Non Verb + Object ?
(?)Question Word + WILL/SHALL + Subject + be + Non Verb + Object ?

Contoh :
(+)He will be alone tomorrow.
(-)He will not (won't) be alone tomorrow.
(?)Will he be alone tomorrow?
Jawaban: Yes he will, atau No, she will not (won't)
(?)When will he be in Las Vegas?
Why will you be here tomorrow night?

Menggunakan "To Be Going To"

Pola kalimat verbal Simple Future Tense dapat diganti dengan kalimat yang menggunakan to be + going to untuk menggantikan shall dan will.

Rumus dan Contoh Kalimat menggunakan "To Be Going To"
(+)Subject + To be + going to + Verb 1 + Object
(-)Subject + To be + Not + going to + Verb 1 + Object
(?)To be + Subject + going to + Verb 1 + Object ?
(?)Question Word + To be + Subject + going to + verb 1 +?

Contoh :
(+)I am going to read a newspaper tomorrow.
(-)I am not going to read a newspaper tomorrow.
(?)Are you going to read a newspaper tomorrow?
What are you going to read?
(?)Who is going to come here tomorrow?

Untuk informasi selengkapnya, silahkan baca juga mengenai fungsi dan penggunaan Will and To Be Going To, semoga bermanfaat.

Keterangan waktu untuk Simple Future Tense yang digunakan adalah:
tomorrow morning, tomorrow night, next week, next year and so on.